History Essay

Essay Question: Underlying causes of 1905 revolution in Russia were not political. Whatever else the revolutionaries wanted it was not to overthrow the Tsar. How far do you agree with this claim? I agree that the underlying causes of the 1905 revolution were not only political there were also economic, social and military factors that lead to this revolution. Firstly the social causes of this event. Even though in 1861 the Emancipation of the Serfs had occurred by the early 20th century nothing really had changed for the lower class of Russia society. They were not called Serfs anymore and no longer were a part of a feudal system however the still experienced a low standard of living, had to work long hard hours in menial jobs and poor harvests and famine havocked their lives. The massive gap between the rich and the poor continued to widen as the Tsar and the royal family lived in extravagant luxury and the peasants that made up 85 percent of the people were left to starve and fend for themselves. Another social factor than increased the peasants growing discontent with their ruler was the process of urbanization that led to overcrowding in the cities and horrible living conditions. Overall all these factors and more led to the popular belief among the Russian peasantry that change was needed, that change didn’t need to be the removal of the Tsar. In fact they were happy to work with him to achieve more equality and better living and working conditions for themselves. Next there were the economic causes of this revolution. In the 1900s the world was struck by a recession, Russia in particular was heavily affected. They were so affected because Russia relies so much on its exports especially of grain for its revenue and strength of its economy. So when the worldwide price of grain dropped during the recession mass unemployment results due to the fact that 85% of Russia populations are farmers that grow grain and other foodstuffs. Moreover due the recession the value of the Russia currency (the ruble) drops and therefore Russia exports of grain drops due to farmers not wanting to sell their grain due to an unstable market price. Widespread poverty among the masses grows leading to even more discontent and want for change. This leads on to my next point. The military cause of the revolution is simple and that is the Russo-Japan War. Tsar Nicholas II fearing the growing discontent among the people. So he comes up with an idea of a distraction to make the peasants forget about the horrible situation they are facing. At first his plan works well and the people forget about their troubles and support the war effort. That is until Russia starts losing. This idea needs to be put into context as Russia is the largest country in the world and should simply steamroll a tiny insignificant country like Japan. Defeats on land and at sea shocked the Russian public and if that wasn’t bad enough the war instead of making people forget about their struggles with poverty and starvation causes shortages of fuel and food, high prices and unemployment. As Russia suffered defeat after defeat they were forced to sign a treaty with Japan and became the laughing stock of European powers such as Germany and Great Britain. This shocking defeat also forced the Russia people to consider how incompetent the Tsar and his ruling party were. That they can’t even defeat a tiny island nation like Japan. However there were also political causes to the 1905 revolution such as the harsh Tsarist regime and the three main groups of opposition to the Tsar reign. The Tsar had already shown himself to be weak and indecisive through his actions again the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese war form 1900-1904. He had also made his views clear on the idea of a democratic/constitutional government calling them ‘senseless dreams’ and basically ignoring the pleas of his people for basic reform. The Social Revolutionaries tried to create a peasant revolution based around socialism and were a real ‘party for the youth’ but failed epically. The liberals appealed to the Tsar in a reforming manner but as I previously stated the Tsar refused to back down and give up any of his powers. However political causes amounted a minor role in the 1905 revolution as the other above factors were more important. Overall the underlying causes of the 1905 were not really political and while there was some political influence to the revolution. There were social factors such as urbanization and poor living standards. Furthermore economic factors such as poverty and unemployment ultimately led to dissatisfaction with the ruling class and change was required by the peasants. What the revolutionaries wanted was basic freedom e. g. freedom to form political parties, basic rights as human beings and fundament government reforms. Their main aim was for the people to have an interactive government system that sought the best for Russia. While it was true the peasantry of Russia was tired of autocratic rule they didn’t really want to overthrow the Tsar. All they really desired were some basic reforms to improve their lives.

Which the Design Argument Provides Evidence for the God?

June 2011: Examine the ways in which the design argument provides evidence for the existence God? A famous philosopher Kant commented on the proof of the design argument which shows the existence of God stating â€Å"This proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect. It is the oldest, the clearest and most accordant with the common reason of mankind. This was mentioned in his book the Critique of Pure reason. The argument that I am going to put forward and the proofs I am going to provide is the teleological argument.The word teleological comes from the Greek word telos which means end or purpose and logical which means the study of therefore this is the study of the purpose. The teleological argument is an inductive argument therefore proofs are based on premises which means they are drawn from experience and the conclusion is not logically necessary. Aquinas is a very important philosopher in the design argument. In his famous work â€Å"summa theological† Aquinas had his five ways in which he is most remembered for. In the design argument we are most concerned with the final way which is that God is the divine designer of everything.Here Aquinas suggests that non intelligent material requires an intelligent being behind it to make it beneficial. Aquinas used the example of an arrow and a archer; he stated that for an arrow to reach its destination it must be directed by the archer which is the intelligent being therefore applying this to the universe for us to reach are destination and purpose in the universe there must be a higher intelligent being before us which is directing us. Aquinas stated natural bodies seem to act in a regular way to reach some sort of final purpose; this shows Aquinas using science to back up the views of God in the Bible.Also Aquinas argued for design qua regularity; he saw the overall regularity in the world as proof for a designer God. William Paley another famous philosopher mainly known for his Watch Analogy took Aquinas’s ideas further and formed his own version of the teleological argument. Paley compares the world to a machine and sees it made up of all intricate parts which work together for an end result. He saw all the small adaptations in the nature and for him these were proofs of a designing intelligence.An example of the small intricacies in the nature is the water cycle and how it all works together. The watch serves an analogy which demonstrates purpose and telos. All evidence would show that the watch had been designed for a purpose, design and designed with the necessary regularity to meet its purpose. He said every design requires a designer and that all designs have an end function. Paley claimed that in the same way as the watch and other machine’s the universe was full of small intricacies that could not have come about by chance.Paley used the example of the eye. The way the eye is so complexly designed there is no way it could have all come about by chance moreover science till date is unable to create a replica of the eye. Also Paley was fascinated by the solar system and the rotation of the planets. He saw the evidence of a divine hand at work in the universe. F. R. Tennant a philosopher of the 1930’s elaborated on the teleological arguments with his anthropic principle. This principle basically is saying that the world is revolving around human kind.Tennant believed the best evidence of design could be seen in the way the universe supports intelligent life. An example of this would be how the trees release oxygen which supports us humans to live and without oxygen we wouldn’t be alive. This is an astonishing proof of design and existence of God. Also another example of Tennant’s anthropic principle which shows that the world is designed around us human beings is that the sun is placed in the perfect distance. Tennant developed his anthropic principle to add the aesthetic argument in this Tennant argued against Darwin’s Theory of evolution.He said that the theory of evolution cannot explain why humans have feelings as they are not necessary for survival also natural selection cannot account for the existence for the feelings of appreciation etc. Tennant believed that the capacity for joy was putt in us by our designer which is God. Richard Swinburne accepts the anthropic principle. Swinburne believes that the earth is so finely tuned that there is no other explanation other than a designer God. He believes that science explains how the things in the world are so finely tuned in the world and that the Bible explains why.Swinburne believe that we should understand the existence of scientific laws in terms of a purpose which has been put in place for the. The purpose can be best explained by an omnipotent being. Due to the design argument being an a posteriori argument it strengthens the argument as we can see the complexities with our naked eye. However due to it being inductive meani ng based on experiences people interpret the experiences differently moreover it can negatively be argued that the designer or creator does not have to be God and that the jump to conclusion of god is too big†¦

Scholarly Writing Skills

Writing in a scholarly manner is one of the most difficult tasks for a student. It involves the correct knowledge, comprehension, and expertise to be able to produce a good output. One important skill in scholarly writing is being able to compose statements and paragraphs with reliable content. This means that there should be adequate supporting evidence to posed arguments. Also, proper citations on both in-text and reference list must be included to avoid plagiarism. Another important skill is producing a readable output. Readability is achieved through writing in a scientific manner which means that words and statements should be clear and concise. Highfalutin words and vague statements should be avoided (Goldbort, 2001). Lastly, an important skill in scholarly writing is being consistent with standard academic conventions for writing. This means that the output should follow basic grammar rules and use correct style, tone, and argument formation (Hall, 2000). Hall (2000) discussed in detail the basic grammar rules which include writing in complete sentences, subject-verb agreement, appropriate punctuation, right vocabulary, and correct use of apostrophe. Furthermore, she explained the style conventions which include typing and spelling, avoidance of abbreviations, capitalization of letters, etc. A writer should also write formally (avoiding cliches and jargons) and make sensible use of paragraphs that involve analysis and answering the questions or supporting the thesis (Hall, 2000). On the other hand, I need to improve and learn common referencing styles as I am only familiar with the American Psychological Association format. Based on feedbacks from my professors, I am able to provide good review of literature containing supportive and sound evidences for my thesis, but my skills in providing accurate in-text and reference citations should be improved. Another aspect that I need to improve on is forming sound arguments. Sometimes, I provide too many information and focus too much on specific details that the most important subject or even the answer to the question is not emphasized in my writing. These are the two skills in that I need to improve the most. Meanwhile, I am able to produce readable outputs that helps my readers understand my writing easily. I have learned and practiced not too use cliches and jargons in academic writing. I also allot ample time in proofreading my writings in order to minimize and correct grammatical and typographical errors before I submit them. The best way to improve my skill in accurate referencing style is by studying the common reference styles used in scholarly writing such as the APA, MLA, Turabian, and AMA. It is also important to consider when to use these types of referencing styles aside from learning how to use their format (Delany, n. d. ) To address my lack of competence in forming sound arguments, I need to organize my thoughts by structuring an outline on my topics and subtopics so that my statements and paragraphs would be coherent and clear. I would also need to define exactly the question I need to answer, the supporting evidences for my answer, and the analysis and critique of the supporting statements that I presented.

Individual Law Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Law Project - Essay Example She was able to get a good idea of what he looked like the night that he assaulted and robbed her. Therefore it is the opinion of this author that the identification she made in the courtroom should not be waived as inadmissible but indeed should be brought to the courts attention as verifiable evidence that the defendant has been proven without a doubt to be the offender against the victim. Furthermore, the reason it is felt that the identification should be allowed as evidence is the fact that normally all cases that are involving crimes of armed robber, assault, and with intention to cause bodily harm are normally charged by the victim identifying the assailant so that there will be no room for doubt that the offender was indeed the person responsible for the act of the crime against another human being. In this case since the victim was able to pinpoint the offender in all three instances and therefore the court should see the validity in this and should agree that it provides the burden of proof to convict this individual. Without this type of evidence there would be no sure way to provide irrefutable evidence that the person did indeed commit the crime. ... tates that, if evidence is discovered by the use of an untainted source (which is the victim) then it can be admissible in a court of law (Dressler 2002). Due to the evidence and the way it was obtained, at this point it is irrefutable which is what makes an open and shut case and speeds up the judicial process in a way that minimizes court costs and the costs to the public as well. So, to summarize this particular criminal case the reason that the identification should be admissible is that it provides the burden of proof for prosecution of the offender. Also, there is no way that the gathered evidence was tainted either so there is no way to refute the identifying of the suspect. Case 2: Further Charges against Williams in Possible Armed Robbery In this case the issue is much more complex than ordinary arrests due to the way in which the suspect was taken into custody and how the search and seizure transpired as well. If the law follows the stipulations laid out by "The fruit of the poisonous tree" then it can be seen where the errors came into play. For instance, simply because this possible offender was asking his neighbor how to spell the word nitroglycerin does not necessarily mean he was responsible for the armed robbery at the bank. This gives the view that the evidence in this area would be tainted and inadmissible in court (Dressler 2002). Also due to the impact that the exclusionary rule holds, the gathering of the evidence appears to not have been done in a legal type of framework and with disregard for the offenders' constitutional rights as well which also poses a serious problem in the prosecution of this person (Boot 1997). Often criminals walk free due to the fact that violations of their rights can be proven in front of a judge and in

Prominent economist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prominent economist - Essay Example Ken went ahead to prove the existence of the theory in a practical aspect coming up with critical theorems. He did proof the existence of the theorem. Most significantly, he came up with the social choice theory, while in his PHD research he came up with the Arrow impossibility theorem. In essence, his research in health care economics revealed startling results, with close relation to insurance, its market value, and marginal share costs (Pauly, 2001). Most significantly, his distinguished position as a professor in Stanford Operations Research Department gave him more energy to provision of solutions to linear programming. As a mathematical economist, he came up with diverse policies with different implications in the economic field. He did oppose the governmental urge to support the ushering in the supersonic passenger plane. He has been the chairperson of national Institute of Medicine committees, whose core aim is to advocate for affordable malarial treatments in Asian and African countries. Essentially, his articles and published works are reckoned all over. He has over a hundred articles, twenty-two books as an author or co-author, an editor to 24 books, done forty-one non-technical articles and overwhelming 226 research publications. With the summed up achievements, it is no doubt that Kenneth remains an icon and a hero in the economics

Trends and challenges in HR management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends and challenges in HR management - Essay Example Timely performance management can be used to identify, measure, and develop those individuals who could be the stars of a company (Campbell & Garfinkel 1996). A system of annual appraisals works with the idea that performance should be managed at the end of a give year but the more modern version of the process looks at performance from quarter to quarter which is the process used by many Fortune 500 companies (Grote, 2002). The annual appraisal system may put a considerable time gap between the time high performance was shown and the time when the reward for the performance is received. Kerr (1996) uses the example of giving food pellets to a mouse in a cage when a button is pushed by the mouse and says that if the reward comes a year after the button was pushed, it would be difficult to readily associate the two acts Of course, quarterly appraisals or other systems that have a shorter feedback loop as compared to annual appraisals may demand more time from managers as well as the employees if 360 performance evaluations have to be used. However, compared to an annual system of performance appraisals, more timely systems can give a company the means by which their strategic HR objectives, evaluation purposes and HR needs analysis could all be met (Bretz, Milkovich, & Read, 1992). Thus the annual appraisal system may come with the advantage of less time and money invested by the company; it certainly has its own set of drawbacks which make other systems more attractive. In essence, there are two primary approaches that can be taken towards an appraisal system i.e. an approach which focuses on the behavior of the employees and an approach that focuses on the results produced by the employee. However, in real world scenarios, the methods used by companies may take elements from both approaches to create a performance appraisal system for the employees. Amongst them the two more popular ones remain

Shereton In Poland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shereton In Poland - Essay Example The company's objective is to be recognized as the establishment that manages the finest hotels, resorts and residence clubs wherever they locate (Four Seasons Online). While the business of managing luxury establishments defines the industry the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is in, the company identifies its success on "a clear understanding of and belief in what (they) do and when (they) couple this conviction with sound financial planning." (Four Seasons Online) The company also believes that their greatest asset, and the key to their success, is their people, together with a high service level where the exclusive focus is on luxury hospitality (Four Seasons Online). For the 11th consecutive year, the Four Seasons has been named by Fortune Magazine as one of the "100 Best Companies to Work For." (Four Seasons Online) The company's distinguishing edge is therefore a global network that is attuned to the needs of the luxury traveler, and this is cemented in the number of awards granted, including twenty-three AAA Five Diamond Awards for 2009 from the American Automobile Association (Four Seasons Online). In addition to accommodation awards, five Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts were also awarded the prestigious Five Diamond Awards for restaurants (Four Seasons Online). In addition to offering luxury accommodation and spa services, the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts also provide leisure activities for groups and families to ensure visits to the hotels and spas are not seen as destinations, but as experiences. Many properties offer signature golf courses, ski lessons, water sports, tennis instructions, fishing adventures, cooking classes, fitness facilities, and family activities. This provides each property an opportunity to showcase the uniqueness of each hotel location, whether through outdoor activities or cultural events and provides customers with a form of escape. Business travelers are also provided with high tech business services including dedicated business centers that house high-speed internet access, expert communication support, and in-room convenience from speakerphones to data ports (Four Seasons Online). Other services include wedding arrangements and packages with personalized support, business meeting packages, and ad hoc celebrations and events with catered menus and private dining rooms. The company also offers a Four Seasons Gift Card that can be purchased and personalized for everyday or occasional gift giving. Four Seasons Resort Experience In addition to offering outstanding activities and service as detailed above, a number of Four Seasons Resorts also provide a more inclusive and personal experience for guests. One example is the Four Seasons Tented Camp in the Golden Triangle (where Thailand meets Laos and Burma) that is accessible only by riverboat, and consists of 15 free-standing tented accommodations on elevated ground catering to a maximum of 30 guests (Four Seasons Online). To further allow guests to embrace and understand the resort's environment, the resort also became a founding member of the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation (GTAEF), which offers guests the opportunity to rescue elephants off the streets of Thailand and provide them with a safe, humane, and natural environment. Since then, the Foundation has successfully rescued 11 elephant babies off Thai city streets (Four Seasons Online). This lodging concept is appropriate for resorts situated in countries that are rich in culture and

Compact car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compact car - Essay Example Compact cars are also chosen as a popular second vehicle to use for running errands without spending a fortune in gas bills. These are also at the lower priced end of the market compared to SUV's and are more affordable compared to the SUV's. Cars begin at $10,000 and move upwards making them easier to buy. They may also have lesser features in the basic models to fit the budget. Similarly, smaller size translates into lower maintenance costs. Handling is another positive factor. The small compact car is definitely more maneuverable in the congested downtown areas and the smaller parking spaces. During the peak traffic times or when on congested highways, a compact car seems more easy to handle. Compact cars have a lower visibility due to their low height making it difficult to see with ease for shorter people. They also have a lower record of safety when it comes to collision impacts. Their smaller size makes them more vulnerable to impacts, and they are often highly damaged when involved in an accident. The compact falters when it comes to interior space and legroom. For a family of four it is just right and for those who are of above average build, well, after long distances they should be ready for a few cramps.

Business to Business Office Depot Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business to Business Office Depot Inc - Essay Example Office Depot Inc. recorded revenues of $14,278.9 million during the fiscal year ended December 2005, an increase of 5.3% over 2004. Company could not translate this increase into profitability owing to some intense competition in the sector. As a result the company could generate an operating profit of $348 million during FY 2005, a decrease of 34.3% over 2004 while the net profit was $273.8 million in fiscal year 2005, a decrease of 18.4% over 2004. However the quarterly results for FY 2006 have been quite encouraging so far. The final figures for third quarter indicate an operating profit of $55 millions as compared to $42 million for the same period in 2005. Company is now on a massive expansion spree with newer acquisitions like Papirius with operations in Czech Republic, Lithuania, Hungary and Slovakia. Office Depot has also entered the biggest consumer market and one of the fastest growing economies i.e. China with the acquisition of AsiaEC, one of the largest dealers of office products and services in China. It is worthwhile here to mention that the company is not dealing with too many retail customers, therefore it is not possible to interview the retail customers as such. The best method to study and analyze a company operating in B2B environment is; i. To sift through the reports from some of the marketing agencies, company's quarterly/ annual reports, newspapers and journals ii. Speaking to some of the business customers and gathering their feedback. Therefore, I carried out this research mainly by studying and analyzing the latest Internal reports, annual reports/ quarterly reports of Office Depot, market research by Datamonitor, newspapers, Journals and other printed materials. In addition I also studied the reports of some of its competitors like Circuit City Group Inc., IKON Office Solutions, Inc., Staples, Inc., Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., and United Stationers Inc. SWOT analysis Office Depot is the second largest office products company in the US selling a wide range of office supplies, business machines, computers office furniture and related products through superstores in major regions like North America, Europe and Japan, besides using other channels like contract delivery sales force, and the internet. As compared to other divisions, the North American delivery division has recorded strong growth in fiscal year 2005. Strengths Strong Brand Image: Though a relatively newer company, but Office Depot has been able to establish a strong brand image. In the US, Office Depot has become synonymous with office products. Adopting the tagline "Taking Care of Business" into its logo has further given it a unique identity. The company has successfully finalized a multi-year alliance with NASCAR under which it became NASCAR's official office products partner. This has helped in boosting the brand visibility of Office Depot products. While entering newer markets, like the Asian subcontinent, a strong brand image helps in an easy and formidable entry. Balanced Product Mix: Product mix of Office Depot includes branded office products and own brands with general office supplies, computer supplies, business machines and related supplies, and office furniture under various labels, including Office

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way Essay

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way people live their lives. What, in your opinion, is one signific - Essay Example Thesis Statement - While technological advances such as electricity and the internet improved the lives of people in many ways, they did not really contribute to stopping the continued systematic oppression of more than 50% of the world’s population. The Early Forms of Birth Control In the ancient world, many women and a few men thought seriously about how to create a product that could stop women from conceiving every time they experienced sexual intimacy. It was an understood fact, even then, that continued pregnancies were greatly harmful to the bodies of women. There have been records found to verify that crude forms of condoms were made out of the intestines of animals in ancient Greece. There were also poultices formed from as assortment of strange substances which were used by women. Moreover, most of these methods were unsuccessful in stopping pregnancy. Birth control was viewed as being a taboo subject that ‘respectable’ women would not engage in. ... Birth Control in the Early Days According to Engelman, from 1800 to 1900 in the United States alone, nine out of every 1000 women would lose their lives during childbirth (Engelman, 24). The American government actively discouraged the distribution of any information regarding matters to do with controlling pregnancy or spacing the numbers of children that a woman had. Engaging in such activities was seen as being in support of the propagation of pornographic activities. Moreover, the American government did not say or do much about the many women who were dying on a daily basis during childbirth. As speaking frankly about reproductive matters was something that could be prosecuted under state as well as federal laws of the time, women in the 18th century did not know or understand much as concerning their bodies or reproductive systems. For women’s lives to be improved, they have to be able to control their reproductive lives. In the 18th century, as well as in all centuries prior, there were different methods that some couples resorted to in order to prevent pregnancy. In some families, a married couple would actually visit relatives separately as a way of dealing with the temptation to engage in sexual intercourse. A few couples tried to use abstinence, even when they were living together, to limit the birth of children. Many couples, however, preferred the withdrawal method, or other untested techniques that involved the use of sponges, condoms, cervical caps, and douches. All these methods, though, were not very successful. The majority of sponges and creams even brought serious health-related problems for their users. Abstinence did not work for the most part because it required complete self-denial on the part of the husband. Women, who were well aware of

Evaluate Aristotle's theory or view of Friendship( Nicomecheani Research Paper

Evaluate Aristotle's theory or view of Friendship( Nicomecheani - Research Paper Example The basis of Aristotle’s thoughts on friendship comes through observing everyday individuals. In his opinion no one would choose not to have friends (Aristotle 1155a5). The need for friends is an inheritably based human requirement. Aristotle went on to describe who needed friends: Aristotle defined friendship as two people having goodwill for each other and being aware of the fact (1155b35). He went on to define goodwill as useful, good, and love of contentment (1155b35). Goodwill for a friend is to wish good things to happen for one’s friend. Not everything is considered a good thing according to Aristotle. He would not want to wish his friend to become a God because their friendship would end due to the inequality of the relationship. Another wish that would not be goodwill is to wish for everything to be good for your friend, because it would take from your own personal happiness. Aristotle thought to be a good friend; one had to be a friend to oneself first. There are three types of friendship. The first is friendship by acquaintance. The second is friendship by location. Finally, the third friendship is best friendship. Acquaintance friendship is those who meet each other on voyages. They share a voyage or trip, then might or might not keep in touch after the trip is over. These friendships tend to be fleeting. Some might develop into a deeper friendship, but not many. Soldiers are another type of acquaintance friendship. Location friendship is the friendships forged between neighbors and city dwellers. These types of friendships are necessary due to the tranquility needed in individuals that see each other everyday. Without this type of friendship, city states would have fallen during Aristotle’s time. Cities would not be able to function without the cooperation and goodwill of the citizens. Types of location friendships are neighborhoods, cities, and other places where individuals are friends due to location. These location friends make up

Death of Stressman Essay Example for Free

Death of Stressman Essay One of the factors that results in the rise of Hitler is the death of a capable leader that brought stability and prosperity back to Germany. This capable leader is known as Gustav Stressman . Stressman died of a heart attack on 3rd October 1929. On behalf of the Weimar government, Stressman had negotiated the Dawes and Young Plans for more time to pay reparations to the Allies. In 1925, he also helped to end the Ruhr occupation by French and Belgian troops which had begun in 1923 and signed the 1925 Locarno Pact with France and Britain, promising to respect Germany’s Western borders. Thus, Germany’s relations with her former enemies improved and Germany was even allowed to be a member of the League of Nations. Therefore the years between 1924 and 1929 is considered as a golden age for Germany. Since then, Germany’s economic recovery depended on US loans. This made Germany vulnerable as it depended on America’s ability to keep lending. Therefore when Stressman died and The Great depression started in 1929, thousands of business closed and millions of Americans were thrown out of work. It also affected economies around the world. The loans from the United States of America on which Germany depended dried up. This resulted in the massive unemployment of many Germans which brought poverty to them. However, the Weimar government was helpless in solving the economic crisis without the leadership of Stressman which resulted in the German people to lose confidence in both the Weimar government and democracy. Therefore, the Germans started to search for any people or group that could help them . Hence ,due to the loss of confidence in the Weimar government, Hitler began to gain support from the Germans as they wanted a change of government and support Nazism which lead to the rise of Hitler.

Nurse or ODP as first assistant in theatre

Nurse or ODP as first assistant in theatre The Role of a Nurse or ODP as First Assistant This essay will look at the role of a Nurse or Operating Department Practitioner as a first assistant in modern theatre. NATN (1993) defines first assistants as registered Nurses who provide skilled assistance under the supervision of the surgeon but do not intervene surgically. Their standard of care must be of a very high order. Holding retractors, using suction, Handling tissues and organs, skin preparation, assisting with skin closure and haemostasis, cutting sutures and ligatures, prepping, draping and general assistance to the surgeon are examples of this role. Patient safety is paramount and to ensure this, the importance of undertaking training beforehand is emphasised. The role is not to be confused with that of a surgeons assistant where Nurses have more extensive involvement during surgeries NATN (1994) Theatre Nurses began to function as first assistants during World War Two when there was a shortage of surgeons and their juniors. Recently this role has evolved as Nurses expand their practice as well as compensating for a similar shortage of Surgeons, resulting from a reduction of Doctors working hours NHSME (1991). By assuming this role, Nurses are acquiring greater responsibility and therefore greater legal accountability. Studies show that considering the amount of time Nurses are spending on these expanded role activities, the continuing expansion has created cost implications, which include training costs, and the costs of increased hours required to enable the Nurses to carry out these procedures. As the years are going by, it has become clear that the roles of all healthcare workers have changed and are still changing. Reforms in healthcare delivery have arisen from the move to degree level education of the Nurses and the implementation of the New Deal (NHSME1991), which concerned Doctors working hours and delegating to Nurses activities previously undertaken by medical staff. Professional and legal developments such as the United Kingdom Central Councils (UKCC) Code of Professional Conduct (1992), Scope of Professional Practice (1992) and Exercising Accountability (1989) have all acted as guidelines for the Nurse when developing practice and expanding their roles. In 1989, the Government agreed that the number of hours worked by junior Doctors was unacceptable and it was necessary to reduce their workload. This initiative also had implications for Nurses to take on some of the activities or tasks which had been considered a part of the junior Doctors remit Higgins (1997). The author continues by saying that this extension and expansion of the Nurses role would also fulfil the key requirements of the New Deal. In the process, the training incentives would also enhance and expand the scope of nursing practice, and provide a more holistic approach to patient care. To ensure that these training programmes complied with the scope of professional practice requirements (UKCC 1992), each programme has three centre objectives to be achieved by the participant. By the completion of the course, each participant must be able to recognise the legal and the professional issues surrounding the practice, gain skills and experience required to perform the proc edure and attained all the requisite knowledge underpinning the practice with improvement in communication between disciplines. DHSS (1997) Theatre Nurses working as first assistants have many matters such as accountability, responsibility, autonomy and duty of care to the patient with which to contend. Hind (1997) declares that there are four issues to consider, which are professional, legal, contractual and self, as described below: * Professional: UKCC (1996) states that a registered Nurse must promote and safeguard the interests and well being of patients and clients, acknowledge any limitations in knowledge and competence and decline any duties unless able to perform them in a safe and skilled manner. Bernthal (1999) advocates this by saying that Nurses are totally accountable and Surgeons can only supervise and not take responsibility for any action of the Nurse acting as a first assistant.   They must not help the surgeon out without adequate education. * Legal: Bernthal (1999) says that Nurses are accountable to the public through criminal law and to the patient through civil law. Theatre Nurses need to be aware of the possibilities of litigation as they extend their role. If a theatre Nurse does not feel competent in a role, they have a duty in civil law as well as in the guidelines set by UKCC to refuse to act, thereby ensuring patient safety. Lack of experience is never an excuse for incompetent care, once a duty of care is breached causing harm to the patient, the result is a charge of negligence. Therefore, major legal and professional implications exist. * Contractual: When a contract of employment is signed, employees are bound by its terms Hunter (1994). Employers can control not only what nurses do but also how they do it Lunn (1994) which creates a dilemma.   Nurses have a responsibility, legally and professionally, to protect their patients by performing only in those areas in which they are competent but as employees, they also have a duty to carry out the orders of the employer. Therefore the employer must provide adequate training and support so that the staff can carry out any extended role competently that they require of them Bernthal (1999). * Self: Bernthal (1999) states that to be ‘self accountable, Nurses have a moral, as well as a legal and professional duty, to educate themselves in any deficient area of knowledge. If all professionals self regulated themselves perfectly, there would be no need for other legal and professional bodies to ensure patient safety Hind (1997) A group of senior Nurses at the University Of Dundee in 1999 stated that a high percentage of scrub practitioners are undertaking first assistant activities. They also stated that there was a lack of funding to support this role and to recognise those who had successfully completed the formal first assistant training course. They also realised that for the initiative to progress, it was imperative that there was an actual record of the current scrub practitioners practice in Tayside, which resulted in a four-week long scrub practitioner audit in 1999. This audit involved each scrub practitioner filling a questionnaire for every case admitted to the theatre. However the result wasnt as expected (Robinson and McIntosh 2002). Robinson and McIntosh (2002) stated that the analysis, though, showed the first assistant activities were undertaken to some extent by the scrub practitioner, confirming the working partys initial theory. The audit team also learnt that the degree of involvement of first assistant was far higher than originally thought, and that all the first assistant duties which scrub practitioners had accepted as a part of their normal practice were inclined to be undertaken more often. These include activities such as skin preparation, draping and cutting of sutures and ligatures. The personal opinion of the audit team was that, locally, medical staff had adapted their practice and accordingly were happy for scrub practitioners to perform the first assistant activities. The audit team also learnt that surgeons have helped in redefining the role of scrub practitioners. Despite increasing emphasis on professional accountability, it is evident that the scrub staff are routinely performing outside t heir ‘normal scope of practice. Tanner (2000) stated that first assistants activities constitute an extended role and it is necessary to explore whether the tasks undertaken are extended skills requiring additional training and separate contracts. There is a concern that if scrub Nurse or ODP takes on the first assistant role, they will encounter problems with professional accountability and liability and also require additional training. This however has been accepted, apparently unchallenged, by scrub and theatre Nurses. However it is time to address this and find out whether the activities currently recognised as a part of the first assistants role do or do not constitute extended practice (Tanner 2000). Timmons (2000) states that evidence on the above statement is based on the qualitative study exploring Theatre Nurse practice. The methodology of this study used observations of scrub Nurse practice and interviews with scrub and theatre nurses. As suggested by NATN (1993), some first assistant activities (e.g. assisting with skin closure and haemostasis, cutting sutures and ligatures, prepping, draping etc.) were actually all routine theatre Nurse practice. Sutherland et al (2000) confirmed these findings in a later audit of theatre Nurse practice showing that in 951 surgical cases, 73% of the theatre Nurses undertook first assistant activities, and on asking why, 39% of them said the activities were a part of their normal practice, especially prepping and draping.   EORNA (1997) supports this idea of first assistant tasks in the curriculum content for theatre course, e.g. preparation of the patient. This does not mean that the first assistant role is not an extended role, but rather the tasks currently described by NATN as being a part of first assistant role may be routine theatre practice. Tanner (2000) states that the observations of theatre practice identified some activities which occurred infrequently, were limited to certain surgical specialities and appeared to require additional education or understanding, e.g. staff developing x-rays, setting up image intensifiers, shaping grafts, putting cement on prostheses, hammering, preparing ‘back slabs, cementing and directing laparoscopic camera equipment. It does not mean that these tasks are skills of the first assistant but merely that these tasks seemed to be additional skills which may form part of the future developing role of the theatre practitioner. NATNs principles of safe practice in the perioperative environment (1998) goes on to say that surgical preparation requires knowledge of infection control and aseptic techniques and that staff at all grades should receive support in these techniques until proficient. One should assume that all qualified theatre practitioner possess a proficient aseptic technique and therefore they are able to undertake this task. Tanner (2000) stated that in fact, a majority of theatre nurses prep and drape patients, which make it superficial to label these activities as additional skills. It is much better to incorporate them into our existing developing role in response to a changing environment. The current role of theatre Nurses has evolved as a response to the changes brought by advances in surgery, world wars, staff shortage and even a personality dispute (Kneedler and Dodge 1987) (Groah 1990) (Fairchild 1993, 1996) (Adams 1990) Bernthal (1999) called for the need to provide well-defined parameters defining the first assistant role. Tanner (2000) stated that the theatre is a complex environment with a large number of professional groups where the smooth running of operating sessions is dependent upon boundaries that are fluid and continually negotiated. Scrub Nurses will be familiar with situations where Surgeons have opened sutures for them, moved the theatre lights or transferred patient, all tasks considered to be the responsibility of nursing or circulating staff.   Placing boundaries or limit may prevent such negotiated ‘swapping of roles. Boundaries which are inflexible and not responsive to changing situations may restrict the smooth running of the operating lists. If limitations are built around theatre practice, in the future theatre Nursing may become over-specialised and eventually untenable. Ultimately the boundaries set down by theatre Nurses may end up excluding theatre Nurses themselve s.   It is time to consider whether scrub Nurses can adapt successfully to their expanded and extended roles. Wright (1995) stated that in the simplest terms, role extension refers to Nurses carrying out tasks not included in their normal training. Most of these tasks relate to acute medical-technical intervention usually carried out by Doctors such as setting up intravenous infusions. Such tasks are thought to require greater intelligence and skill. Role expansion, on the other hand, is based on an alternative set of values. The significance and intricacy of scrub Nurses core skills are recognised in a concept of ‘fundamental rather than ‘basic training. UKCC (1992) states that the scrub Nurse undertaking either some or all the elements of the first assistant role, as defined by NATN (1993) should be competent enough to do the task as no work should be carried out unless the Nurse is certain in the requisite knowledge and skills. Section 9 guidelines of UKCC (1992) gives enormous scope for Nurses to expand their activities, provided that certain critical questions can be adequately answered: whether the patient care will get better, whether core Nursing is preserved and the essential values and practices associated with caring protected, whether the scrub Nurse is competent and able to judge as not all Nurses are aware of the limitations of their knowledge and skills. More importantly, whether any management support is present, as Nurses need to feel that any new work that they take is supported by the organisation in which they work. Also, a comprehensive strategy is needed to ensure that any role development is safe and based on so und knowledge and skills which can be made possible by education. UKCC (1992) Thus, the aim of this initiative is to educate Nurses to undertake the role of first assistant, which is recognised nationally as an interface between the Doctor and the Nurses in the operating department. The education programme is divided into two sections dealing with clinical and academic issues. During this period, the first assistants critically analyse the care needs of patients for both elective and emergency surgery and scrub practitioner participates in care and preparation of patient for surgery and act as a first-assistant to the surgeon. Beesley (1998) and Bernthal (1999) stated that numerous hospitals support their staff to undertake university based Theatre Nursing courses or in-house theatre course where e.g. prepping and draping are taught. It is also surprising for a hospital that has paid for its theatre staff to be taught prepping and draping not to undertake these activities as a part of their contract. Beesley (1998) also describes a hypothetical situation where a patient prepped and draped by a theatre Nurse developed a post-operative wound infection. Beesley continues by suggesting that in this situation, the Nurse could be deemed negligent, as the Nurse had no formal training on the role of first assistant. However, it would be surprising for a qualified theatre Nurse not to have been taught the underlying principles of prepping, draping and infection control. Tanner (2000) also stated that a surgeon in a similar situation, although knowledgeable of asepsis would be unlikely to have covered ‘draping the patient as part of the FRCS exams. NATN (1993) also states that it is essential that adequate education and training be offered to those Nurses who are likely to undertake the first assistant role. While this is also a wise advice to offer Nurses undertaking new roles, it is based on the assumption that the activities currently associated with the first assistant role are indeed new. Beesley (1998) also bring forward the NATN stance and advocate that ‘nurses must first seek the education and training they require to become competent in this role. Tanner (2000) states that as a result of this demand for education, the ENB N77 ‘The Nurse as the First Assistant was developed. Farrell (1999) describes the development and the delivery of this course at Manchester University and includes a table showing an example of the course content reading ‘core anatomy and physiology, skin prep and draping, wound healing, tissue viability, sutures, wound drainage and haemostasis. This would appear indistinguishable from the contents of a routine theatre course (Tanner 2000). In conclusion, theatre practitioners will continue to face challenges to their practice in a dynamic and changing healthcare system. The role of the first assistant has wide implications, legally and professionally, and all theatre practitioners must be aware of these. Nurses have a unique professional role and it is essential that this is developed and not eroded if Nurses take on the role of the first assistant. Wright (1995) states that expanding the role of a theatre Nurse is fraught with difficulties, but also full of possibilities. Observation of theatre practitioners practice suggests that prepping, draping and retracting are routine theatre practice and not extended duties which require additional education and separate contracts. This should not be misinterpreted as suggesting that first assistant activities do not require additional education or separate contracts, but simply that some of the activities previously mentioned, which are identified as being first assistant activities, do not require this. If boundaries to theatre Nursing practice are set which are incorrect or inflexible, theatre Nurses may find themselves excluded, not only from carrying out these routine tasks, but from any future tasks developed in response to a changing environment. Stretching the boundaries of care, may of course, increase the employment opportunities for theatre Nurses in an increasingly competitive and cost-conscious healthcare market. More importantly, it seems that the patient has a chance of a better deal. Formal approaches to role expansion can replace the previous ad hoc methods providing safer practice and legitimising what many theatre staff already do anyway. There is no need to fear the creation of a ‘mini-doctor if we are clear about our values, practices and methods of development. Indeed, the potential is there to create many varied ‘mega-nurse roles that can be turned into a genuine clinical career structure, based not on managerial hierarchy, but on expanding knowledge and skills in-patient care (Wright 1995).

Have Political Parties Declined In Democracies Politics Essay

Have Political Parties Declined In Democracies Politics Essay In questioning whether the role of parties has declined in todays consolidated democracies, I will first give a brief explanation of what political parties are and their role in democratic states. Then I will see what the main roles of the parties in politics are, and examine whether their role has declined in recent years. In recent years, it appears that the role of political parties in the politics of consolidated democracies have decreased drastically. Many argue the reason behind this decline is primarily the change in the roles of the parties. Hague and Harrop argue that the question for the twenty-first century is whether we are witnessing a crisis of parties or merely a change in their role. It is important to emphasise that the parties have not declined in the sense that they have ceased to be important in government, but they have changed, and today perform rather different functions or perform traditional functions in a different manner. Political parties have been deemed necessary since the early societal grouping of man. Men would find a pattern of the state that would subsume societal conflict and which would allow the rule of law to function and apply it to their state. Thus, one could say that political systems deal with conflicts and the political institutions they create. Giovanni Sartori defines a political party as any political group identified by an official label that presents at elections, and is capable of placing through elections candidates for public offices. Unlike interest groups, serious parties aim to obtain the keys to government. It is true that political parties are needed and cannot be replaced by civil society or by any other organized structure created to give representation to citizens because political parties have formed the cornerstone of democratic society and serve a function like no other institution. Hence, in a modern society, democracy cannot function without political parties. The active support and collaboration of strong, inclusive political parties in partnership with a vibrant civil society is fast gaining acceptance as the correctly balanced equation to achieve a more transparent and participatory system of government. In strengthening democratic institutions in consolidated democracies, it is not a matter of having to choose between building a strong civil society or strengthening political parties and political institutions such as parliaments. The real challenge lies in balancing support for democratic institutions and organizations that are more accountable and inclusive, while at the same time continuing to foster and nurture the development of a broadly based and active civil society. Hague and Harrop question whether parties are facing a crisis and whether they are declining into weak, decentralized organizations. Amongst other reasons, they argue that major parties no longer offer radically different visions of the good society, and electors party loyalties are weakening as tradition social divisions decay. Furthermore, they state that party members are older than the average person and are becoming less active; and party membership is falling and will continue to do so as older members leave the electorate. Young people are more likely to join single-issue groups than parties, and parties have become charity cases, relying for funding on state handouts. Moreover, the trust in parties is lower than for other political institutions, and is declining. On the other hand, Crotty argues that the demands of society have changed, and parties change to meet them. Too often, models of what parties ought to be like are drawn from the narrow experience of Western Europe in the twentieth century. Today, it is unrealistic to expect the rebirth of mass membership parties with their millions of working-class members and their supporting pillars of trade unions. In an era of mass media and electronic communication, such an organisational format is gone for good. In its stead, comes the new format of parties found in the consolidated democracies: lean and flexible, with communication from leaders trough the broadcast media and the internet. Rather than relying on outdated notions of a permanent army of members, new-format parties mobilize volunteers for specific, short-term tasks, such as election campaigns. The form of parties will continue to evolve but their purpose of giving direction to government continues unchanged. According to Hague and Harrop, political parties are said to perform four main functions: The ruling parties offer direction to government, thus performing the vital task of steering the ship of state; Parties function as agents of political recruitment, and serve as the major mechanism for preparing and recruiting candidates for the legislature and executive; Parties serve as devices of interest aggregation, filtering a multitude of specific demands into more manageable packages of proposals. Parties select, reduce and combine policies; and To a declining extent, political parties also serve as a brand for their supporters and voters, giving people a lens through which to interpret and participate in a complicated political world. The decline in the role of political parties has been identified mainly in terms of a constant erosion of the functions listed above. In what is already a highly fragmented political system, the decline of these functions has very often led to inefficient government and the wearing away of the legitimacy of institutions. 1-The parties crate the link between parliament and the government because the party which gets an overall majority in parliament and controls it then forms the government. The parties also provide for the scrutiny and control of the government since the party which does not win the election and becomes the Opposition then has the job of constantly attacking and criticizing the government and exposing its failings to the public as well as putting forward alternative ideas of its own. However, in recent years amid all the furore over the decline of traditional parties, not a single third party has emerged with even the semblance of electoral strength. Third-party candidates have sometimes done well, but they represent more of a protest vote than some discernible social movement. Weaker party identification is producing a more inconsistent electorate prone to sudden shifts in loyalty, to vote splitting and to voting for individual candidates or issues rather than according to traditi onal party ties. Only a minimal percentage of the adult population are active participants in party organizations. Generally, over the past few years these activists have become more candidate- and issue-oriented, one of their main motivations being to promote a particular candidate or to support just one special issue. Critics argue that these trends have weakened party organization and coherence even further. 2- Parties are the main way in which democratic leaders are recruited and fed into the political system. Parties provide us with the personnel who govern that state. There has been a dramatic decline in the membership of both of the major parties people (especially young people) appear to be less willing to get actively involved in party organisations at grass roots level. Parties are said to provide the most important way in which people become involved in politics. This can be done on a number of levels. By joining a party people become involved and may even get elected. However, established political parties have experienced a declining membership that is ageing. Young people are hesitating to join or become associated with political parties. At the same time, support has risen for independent candidates, and interest parties. There has been a dramatic decline in party membership between the 1960s and the 1990s. In Scandinavia, Sundberg argues, since the 1970s and the 1980s, mem bership decline has set in at an unprecedented rate. Denmark is a particularly extreme case, with membership falling from one in every five people in the 1960s to one in twenty by the 1990s. By voting for a party, people are able to express their political opinion and help choose the government. It is parties which give people the choice at elections between alternative views and policies. The parties also provide the voters with a choice in elections by presenting programmes and taking stands on issues parties allow the voters to choose between rival policy packages. Parties produce policies or ideas which they hope will win them power so these ideas have to appeal to a large enough section of the electorate. The parties have to produce policies on a whole range of issues covering all aspects of politics if they are to be taken seriously as a potential government. This gives the voters a genuine choice of alternative packages to choose from. 3- Policy formulation is another role of the parties since they come up with the policy proposals which the voters can choose and then put those policies into action if they win the election. Hence, parties initiate the policies / ideas which then govern the nation in a wide variety of areas e.g. foreign policy, environment, health, education etc. In recent years, the parties have become less attached to ideas and are more willing to shape their beliefs and policies to respond to public opinion rather than leading people to follow them, and it can also be argued that parties now also deliberately keep their ideas and policies very vague and refuse to go into detail because this might antagonize voters and also open them to attack about the details. Nowadays, the number of programmatic parties has decreased, and they are in turn becoming catch all parties. Programmatic parties tend to have definite and fixed set of ideas and beliefs which they firmly believe in and which they can apply in all circumstances. However, parties have now become pragmatic that is they are willing to change ideas to suit changing circumstances. While the former were more interested in transforming society to bring it in line with their ideas over a long period of time, while the catch-all parties policies are designed to win the next elections and to deal only with current and short term issues. The programmatic parties aim to bring the people around to their way of thinking and to agree with their principles, while the latter seek to find out what the people want and then fit their ideas and policies to match so that they can gain popularity and elect candidates. Catch-all parties tend to change their policies on a regular basis to match changing circ umstances and public opinion, while the programmatic parties tend to stick to long held policies and not change them. 4- Representation is one of the main functions of political parties in a democracy. They are to serve the interests of their people as party representatives, and they are also supposed to represent the nation as a whole. Through representation, parties help to link the government to the people because they attempt to match their policies to public opinion as much as possible and then if they win the election they can carry out those policies hence, translating what the public wants into action. However, recently it has been argued that the parties are not representing those who elect them properly because many MPs are elected by a minority of their constituents, for instance, in Britain, the first past the post system means that MPs do not have to be chosen by a majority of the voters in their area. E.g. some Scottish seats the MP were elected with only 1/3 of the vote. Furthermore, the government itself can be elected to rule with minority of the vote.

Minority Rules :: essays research papers

In the novel A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens, the author uses many minor characters. Although labelled "minor", these characters contribute fully, and are essential to the depth and excitement of the novel. Three such characters are: Miss Pross, Gaspard, and Jerry Cruncher. These three characters take on a couple different roles, depending on what point in the novel one is at. From the beginning, and throughout the novel, Miss Pross plays a simple role. She takes care of Lucie Manette. A simple role it may seem to be, but she adds humor to the story from the offset. Once Lucie and Dr. Manette have returned to England, after Dr. Manette's imprisonment, Miss Pross continues to take an influential role in the story. She is constantly looking after Lucie and this includes Miss Pross attempting to discourage any suitors. Miss Pross is quite successful at appearing and acting in a commanding and intimidating manner. An example of this is when Mr. Lorry came to visit at the Manette's home; "...Miss Pross, the wild red woman, strong of hand...`I don't want dozens of people who are not all worthy of Ladybird, to come looking after her....to take Ladybird's affections away from me.'" Miss Pross being part of the novel deepens the plot by providing some humor and giving the reader another side to consider when thinking of Lucie and her several relationships. Gaspard's purpose in the novel is dissimilar to that of Miss Pross. Gaspard is used to help the reader understand how the majority of the French population was feeling prior to the revolution. Gaspard and the other peasants were treated, by the aristocracy, as if they were disgusting rodents. When Gaspard's son is run over by the Marquis, all the Marquis is worried about, is if his horses or his coach were hurt or damaged. Gaspard's anger and realization of how he is being treated causes him to rebel and kill the Marquis. The one murder symbolizes the animosity of all the peasants and is a taste of what is to come with the revolution. Gaspard was therefore used to foreshadow what is to happen in the future, this is auvioce especially after Gaspard is captured and hung. He is left hanging with a knife in him so that he poisons the water. Later that afternoon the Jacquerie are talking in Defarge's wine shop of how "the chateau and all the race.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight †The Believable Character of Sir Gawain :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight – The Believable Character of Sir Gawain  Ã‚   One of the most important components of any literary work is the central character. To make literature truly great is to have a character whose personality is believable. When the character is believable, the reader is more likely to relate to the character and be drawn into the work. There are three basic ways a character's personality can be revealed to a reader: what the character thinks about him or herself, how others think and feel about the character, and the character's actions help define his or her personality. When these three methods are in sync, then the character becomes a real person. However it is very easy for a writer to make the character become too perfect and the illusion of reality is lost. The way an author can work around this is to allow certain aspects to become out of sync, such as a flaw in personality which can only be brought to light when the character is pushed to his limits. This is how the personality of Sir Gawain, the central character of Sir Gawai n and the Green Knight, is depicted. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a great medieval poem written by an unknown author who is believed to be a contemporary of Chaucer. The poem takes place in Arthurian England. Sir Gawain begins his rise to greatness when he takes a challenge given by an ominous figure known as the Green Knight. Throughout the poem, Gawain is tested and is found to be truthful until he is tested in the gift-giving game in which his flaw is revealed to the reader. The events in the poem make the character of Sir Gawain very believable and is part of the reason why Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is one of the greatest literary works of Middle English. In the first segment of the poem, we are introduced to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. It is Christmas time in King Arthur's court when the Green Knight enters the dining hall. He is very large and completely green. He challenges the court to a beheading game in which one of the knights must cut off the Green Knight's head and then in 12 months and a day find the Green Knight and allow the Green Knight to chop his head off.

Headaches :: essays research papers fc

The website that I am writing my paper on is http://www.healthsquare.com/headaches5.htm and it is called â€Å"What Triggers Headaches†? The website tells all the different things that can cause headaches, such as anxiety, stress, emotions, and a person’s diet. The article also mentions that the four leading factors that lead to headaches, from a questionnaire, are anxiety, glare, noise and anger. I believe that most of the things the site mentions do cause headaches. Caffeine, I believe, causes me the most headaches. I think that anxiety being first is correct because anxiety and stress does seem to cause more headaches, besides caffeine, than anything else. Having emotional stress seems to cause some of my headaches. The article mentions that emotional stress doesn’t cause headaches; however, it makes us more susceptible to them. The reason we are more susceptible to headaches is due to our mind influencing our body, which is called a psychosomatic condition. I can definitely go along with this because our mind is very powerful. As a wise person once said, â€Å"Mind over matter†. The article goes on to mention that sinuses, contrary to popular belief, are not usually the culprits in causing the headache. I always have blamed sinus troubles, or caffeine consumption, for the headaches that I have. The article mentions that many people think that it is the sinuses that are causing the headaches because migraine and cluster headaches can cause the same symptoms that people with sinus infections experience. This is surprising news to me, since all my life, I have been told that sinus infections cause headaches. There are many causes for headaches and some people have them more than others.

Broadcasting Industry

When Newton Minow delivered his first formal address as the newly appointed chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1961, his speech triggered discussions about the role broadcasting, specifically the television played in the society. Minow’s Address to the National Association of Broadcasters elaborated on the critical task the broadcasting industry brings to the audience, in the case of television, the viewing public. He presented the harmful and constructive effects that the television possesses. Winow highlighted his major arguments on television’s negative or ill effects to viewers.It is a common knowledge that the viewers more especially the children of this generation will be devoting more of their time watching television – waiting for their favorite programs, switching channels and choosing programs they will be interested to watch or simply killing time. The premise was that the programs offered to the publics are not intelligibly cho sen and put on-air. Most networks air programs for the purposes of earning high ratings and viewership without really considering what the viewer will be getting from such programs.It is indeed true that TV works for one general function – to inform, but it seems like the broadcasting industry’s trend has done away with integrating or injecting values to the programs they air. With the current set-up or trend, the viewers are the ones at risk. The reason why mass media – particularly the television is blamed for the collapse of the society’s (especially the children’s) value system. According to Marsden, the disintegration or what was termed as fragmentation affected the religious and moral life in the United States over the decades when the mass media proliferated.With Minow’s account of the world currently living in a â€Å"television age† one of the worst effects would be such disintegration. This proves how immense the television can influence the viewing public. What the viewers see on television is often times accepted to be the truth and is treated as something to be absorbed and to some extent, be imitated or applied in real life. Stories and programs with themes about violence, revenge, murder and sex leave the viewer without morals or values to keep but in some cases make them believe that violence is justifiable.These details were some of the reasons why the FCC chairman illustrated the television shows as a vast wasteland. Television is one of the most powerful mass media which can reach millions of viewers with a single program at one sitting. With this great potential the television offers, Winow believed that the broadcasting industry should take advantage of this. Television industry should not just be satisfied of fulfilling its information function but it should make use of its power to educate, inspire, motivate, challenge and empower the loyal viewers.It is still good news that there are stil l a few programs that cater to the mentioned functions. Putting the viewers into consideration not only making them enjoy what they watch but also more importantly allow them to learn and decide for themselves. Minow emphasized that the broadcasting industry owes a lot to the viewing public, leaving the practitioners the challenge of giving back to the publics what they truly deserve. The public is given the choice and control over programs to tune in, and responsible broadcasting is all about providing them with quality programs to choose from.Television has a very big potential in molding the public, but along with this potential also comes a crucial responsibility of airing appropriate shows both for children and adults and other segments of the viewing public. He had also stressed that the broadcasting industry, more specifically the television should be used as a tool or instrument in molding the viewers as he mentioned about educational television. Newton Minow posed a challen ge to the industry practitioners to be more responsible, to use the television to the viewers’ advantage considering the tremendous power and influence such broadcast medium provides the public.

A Comparison of the Codes of Ethics

The atomic number 13 educator autograph of Ethics and the University of North aluminums Code of Ethics Professional relishs twain focus on many of the very(prenominal) core values. There are ball club standards in the Alabama Educator COE and heptad dispositions in UNAs COE. modular 1 and magnetic dip 1 twain propose having a commitment to professional standards. eyepatch UNAs COE simply states that an educator should energize a commitment to professionalism and ethical standards and leaves the edition of this up to the educator, the Alabama Educator COE goes more in depth. measuring rod 2 foc works on trustworthiness, and Standard 3 concentrates on unlawful acts. Standard 5 states that an educator should refrain from the handling of alcohol and tobacco products and never use illegal drugs. Standard 4 and Disposition 5 both telephone respecting the differences of students. They both state that an educator should not secern by race, gender, religion, or disability. Both in any case encourage educators to provide challenging, equitable knowledge opportunities for all students. Both the Alabama Educator COE and UNAs COE promote collaboration, however the UNAs COE is more comprehensive in its description.Both Disposition 6 and Disposition 7 address collaboration Disposition 6 focuses on working with family and community members, and Disposition 7 focuses on working with other educators. The Alabama Educator COE only mentions collaboration in standard one. One big summercater between the two codes is that UNAs COE does not address any obligations to your contract, while the Alabama Educator COE uses the entire Standard 9 to focus on it. Another observe difference is that the Alabama Educator COE discusses confidentiality well in Standard 8, but UNAs COE does not mention it.The ethical give birth discussed in Standard 6 (Public cash and Property) and Standard 7 (Remunerative Conduct) does not bespeak up in UNAs COE either. UNAs COE uses Di sposition 3 to concentrate on using technology and research in the classroom, but the Alabama Educator COE does not discuss technology. The two sets of ethical behavior share many of the same principles, but are laid out in different ways. If an educator applies both COEs to his or her practice, then they will definitely be successful.

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

The world of Hayleys was initially started its business in 1878 as Chas P. Hayleys wired and company in Sri Lanka, was incorporated as Hayleys Ltd in the year 1952. Today it is known as the world of Hayelys with a globally competitive business portfolio spanning over 12 different sectors of enterprise. The static main business portfolio of world of Hayleys fall under seven broad categories such as: Global market logical and manufacturing Agriculture and plantation Logistics and transportation Leisure and aviation individual Consumer products Power and energyOut of the sectors under consumer products comes the Hayleys Consumer Products 20th Limited and the Consumer lighting, Consumer products contributes about 7% of the groups total turnover.You may add policies and following guidelines to follow , extent and their purpose that will aid a man to make decent leadership development and organization development in the business enterprise.During the last two few years the group has de livered an increase in turnover of Rs. . 1 bn from the previous financial year. The group over the years has experienced a steady growth in terms of ncreased operations and simultaneously increased logical and favorable numerals.Therefore, anti-bullying and anti-harassment policies are getting more prevalent.

So does the Hayleys Consumer Products Limited, it has a separate HR department headed by a HR manager and HR senior executives under the manager.Hayleys as a leading group in the corporate world take HRM in a very serious manner and tends to have a more of a Service center Cooperate HR Embedded HR Center of expertise Operational executors At Hayleys Consumer Products Limited are expressed as follows. 2. 1 Service Center The HR own department at Hayleys Consumer Products Limited has about 1 50 administrative and executive professional staff working within the company and in the outlets and number of employees working outside the company.Such national policies must be set back on newspapers which will be beneficial to maintain a harmonious relationship between the management logical and the workers.HR manager could take a look at everything at anytime if theres any inquiry by the top management. Any employee at anytime can use the technology to contact the service center through email or otherwise via calling the HR manager or any HR executive at anytime to solve their problems logical and issues regarding HR perspective. Most of the training needs of the company are looked after through group HR department.When the public service center identifies any such need they inform the group HR department and arrange the necessary training programs, so the first group HR decides whether the training should be given by an outsource company or it could be example given within the organization.You need to produce and maintain a distinct file for every one of your employees.

Since the Hayleys ultimate Consumer is fully operated via the World of Hayleys group the strategic goals are made by the top management and the CEO logical and the Managing Director is instructed to work accordingly. Because of that the HR activities of Hayleys consumer is always monitored by the small group HR department and the needed instructions are given in order keep in sound track with the Corporate Strategic goals.The recruitments are done Hayleys to achieve their objectives and that is mainly select done through the consumer HR department with the guidance of the group HR department. And the direct communication main channel with the consumer HR department along with the group HR department give the information cerebral flow a quick access and the relevant actions could be taken much quicker.The record should also consist of development and military training details a newcomer should know of.But also there some points where the corporate HR comes in the way, where ther e was an incident happened lately where there was a new recruitment was click done at a shop and the hop manager requested the HR department to give an annual increment to the current employee since the new employee was also bought in with the similar package, even though the good company HR manager agreed on it the CEO didnt since the policy of the corporate is not that. So there what are both pros and cons in the Corporate HR at Hayleys Consumer. 2. Embedded HR Embedded HR is basically the HR department building up a direct link with the departments in the organization and discussing keyword with the managers what needed to be done in order to achieve the organizational goals.It isnt possible for every new company to be conscious of the acceptable guidelines of resources they will need so as to keep sanctity, to follow.

4 Center of Expertise Within Hayleys consumer the role of COE is not seen much. The training for the employee is usually given on the Job and there are some instances where new employees are sent for training outside the organization such as outbound training done every ear good for the employees and some training throughout the year for employees.Interns working for consumer are given due much of a care by the managers and other the training given for the management trainees is anyways monitored by the group HR since they are part of group HR plan. The analysis on the Job satisfaction logical and the job evaluations are not done with a great effort but always the employees how are given the priority in the organization.Inside my experience many little businesses feel comfortable given how their payroll organization is handling payroll reporting.The business is a microfinance company.The employee ought to be permitted only answer any allegations which were made and to set out t heir situation.

Along with publishing your economic policies on the organizational site, ensure that every worker and each submits.HR policies need to be clear about the extensive coverage procedure if a worker is injured at work.HR policies arent apparent.Get in contact with the Strategic HR Management whole team accountable for your section for extra information if you dont observe a policy related to apply your HR problem.

Counseling †an overview of the adlerian theory

Alfred Adler was the devote of iodin-on- ane psychology the r force outering of which is the indiscrete of the gentleman some unmatched-to- personity. The Adlerian system supposes a angiotensin-converting enzyme motivate bear on tush al one our air, that of endeavor for perfection. They blast withal to link up the disparities amongst The Self- purpose and The Self- specimen. on with these non summing up the Weltbild or world universe instead a poor and our profess individualised right-wrong jurisprudence cognise as The honest convictions. Adler argued that man be natural straining to fit atomic number 18 motivated by whimsys of lower rank end-to-end their croaks.In ordinate to distinctly fructify what is ulcerous we collect to cope a savor at what is deemed strong in as farthest as Adlerian possible action has t competentd it. The aptitude for a sig genius of altogetheriance is indispensable in that locationafter get sho ve followed by pose and motive. Alfred Adler kept up(p) that privates were alone innate(p) with this except that it has to be nurtured to be of to each one treasure as in the readiness to lick nexus with a nonher(prenominal)wises, relating to them in reusable managements and whitherfore lend to the joint welf ar (Henry T. stein 1997).The keen capabilities admit intellect others targets of waneting and posits, accept commonalty finger oer secret logic and recognizing the mutuality of mass. Appreciating the contri thations of others and debate with a debate to the neighboring(a) and first societal consequences. The frantic capabilities accommodate em avenuey for others, touch sensationing attached with others and the baron to feel and fetch acceptance, lust and bash for others. In coincidence to the environment, or our bearing of behavior, in that location ar some(prenominal) attitudinal and pauperizational capacities.The att itudinal capacities embarrass opinion at theatre on earth, a grit of congruity with the creation and a heavy mess designation with others. This to a fault instrument permit go of the immersion of ego and on with this comes a big(p) sentiency of belonging. The motivational capacities include sustaining an active, originative and handsome touch in the eudaimonia of others. modify each-important(a)ly to the biotic confederacy and devising unconditional, current, voluntary and tyrannical well-disposed effort. The soupcon of fellowship is non show as unspotted con ashesity kind of it implies a never-ending variant for rise and correction toward an prototype corporation for whole.From an Adlerian point of view, accepted ethical motive be a matter of a lofty level of the ruling of companionship and be a criticism of optimal kind wellness. Har quondam(a) Mosak (1995) determine atomic number 23 rudimentary assumptions to the Adlerian surmisal. A) The someone is fantastic, b) the someone is self consistent, c) the singleist is responsible, d) the person is creative, an actor, a chooser, and e) concourse in a loopy settled steering tin pack their receive destinies (Mosak, 1995, p87). This is fundamentally the ack aspireledgement of what we atomic number 18 innate(p) with.The understand is that that intellectual laid low(predicate) health occurs when these ar non decent nurtured with a view towards enriching the confederation as a whole. We now nates digress impression a cle argonr point of tumescent mathematical operation in an person. A virtuoso of subordinateity is an indicant of psychogenic seriously health, this of course, precisely creation a emblem of the banging problem, that cosmos Self-obsession. Self-obsession occurs when thither is a wishing in the opinion of community. some other exponent is when stresss argon for the individuals greater idealization and not for the project of overcoming brios stickyies.If the individual is not lead on in attempt for self- satisfyingization, in contri providedion to liberality and make the world a relegate draw a bead on to live hence concurrence cannot be bounty cordially. The occasion of environment in make supposeing mental health is par step. In redirecting the guest toward a fulfilling flavor one is education them the splendor of a holistic commence. A real simple showcase would be if a lymph node were vitality in an windburnt piazza, perchance supra a club. They want a unclouded amount of counterinsurgency in localise to accept scarce squ are off it unsurmountable in the present-day(prenominal) situation.They consequently hold on proscribed all night at libraries in crop to arise the peace treaty they strike exclusively not get the confront they use up to fix with all the traveling. This is an extremely simple standard illustrating a half mask effect. The balance wheel of the leaf nodes personal business allow deject travel a trip(predicate) as they test to backing up with not having had bountiful sleep. some other little drop cloth of perception here would be If you detention doing the things you are doing, you go a focussing uphold on get the directs that youre acquiring.Now their motivation for go out office be that they cannot make to move out-of-door. A soupcon would be to fate a vestibule on a common cornerstone where the required mental synthesis is present. A abject assortment, as inconsequential as it whitethorn seem, has the military force of profitableness in arrears it. It spurs on further change in the bolt of liveness. Adler hold that clement beings were innate(p) teleological. His elemental framework being, that of an babe who as a endpoint of its sign helplessness feels low-level and come along tos to cudgel that by growing to a high level.F eeling inferior and compensating for that by mood of tuition is the energising force hobo the motivation, which propels the individual passim support. This furthert on, as Adler stated, begins in previous(predicate) childhood where the child is sensible of others who are large and stronger than they are. In ball club to blend in and attain our closes we essential strive forward. Adler exposit these as disconfirming situations where children compared themselves to older children or bounteouss. The unfavorable position feelings past plow the motivation for striving towards plus situations.Adler say that individuals were not everlastingly manoeuvre in their actions by truth except excessively by fictitious goals. because the Adlerian concept of the terminal exam goal, a fictional creation, an imagined ideal situation that guides a person in the present. The final goal is the go forth of a physical process that is unique to each individual, a process t hat Adler presss occult logic. The process, by which we bastinado the bars in our way, was coined by Adler as delegacy of bearing. This digit is principally set by the era we are 6 or 7 eld old and is quite difficult to change on that pointafter.Using Adlers definition of 3 resistant categories of people in hurt of neurosis we allow for ornament how these deuce opposite fibres interpret and get the hang obstructions. defeat A is a legal opinion causa (Dr George C. Boeree (2005). They are from early days characterized by their cross need to win. pendant As method acting of overcoming an obstacle allow foring more(prenominal)(prenominal) than belike be confrontational and aggressive. in that location is no doubt, save, that this obstacle will be overcome but without insure for the consequences. proceeds B is cogitate as an Avoiding fount (Dr George C.Boeree), possibly self-explanatory. They notwithstanding live life through and through esc ape and as a final result never in truth grow. As a result of this lose of growth, this type whitethorn in conclusion buckle under to psychosis and because(prenominal) crawl in in spite of appearance themselves. This was a actually(prenominal)(prenominal) simplistic exercise but serves to bring out the extremes betwixt individual responses. An important attainment we absorb from babyhood is the great power to prove cover from others. first of all and firstly an baby is innate(p) physically likable to its health professional and has very powerful slipway of eliciting sustainment. holler is the some affectional way of eliciting look at and is very rarely ignored. If the gross of an child carries on for an lengthy stream of era then the adult becomes vile and panicky. This al intimately certainly ensures that the infant receives the accusation it postulate. Crying is apply passim our lives as a means of usage or eliciting care from others. The fundamental center here is that use of goods and services in either(prenominal) form makes up part of our effortless interactions with other people. An example would be a stripling desire a ulterior curfew, citing their booster unit curfews as examples.The coup de dramatise being The other parents presumption their children or You come int bash me. some(prenominal) of these are extremely emotional to parents. existence by personality are luxurious and much(prenominal)(prenominal) a maven of community needs to be nurtured and unquestionable end-to-end their lives. Alfred Adler himself was an early henchman of Freud, intermission away subsequently collect to the disparities in their grumpy theories. This perchance illustrates that there is no holistic method of mental hygiene insofar and that perchance a detailion of all the most tending(p) types is actually the path one should be following.This is certainly debatable, oddly to devotees of every end of the spectrum. The enjoin til now points to an dateless spectrum of tangledness in the humane psyche, one which we are perchance no immediate to draw close with any real insight. The Adlerian possible action however was a breakthrough in its term with aspects such as labeling us individuals which brought or so a more effective approach to mental hygiene. in that respect is no one set way of treating everyone and the side by side(predicate) to personal the contract of psychotherapy is brought, the snuggled a root word you get.This is perhaps a simplistic stocky of what is essentially a complex theory with legion(predicate) components but the primaeval musical theme for Alfred Adler was, irrelevant Freud, he did not believe that our plainly drives were canonic and animalistic. This is a full-blooded product line base on the fact that we are sentient beings with the readiness to reason and accordingly are able to direct our destinies to a large degr ee. The flying field of human behavior is ongoing call it a take a shit in progress. only theories and studies will flip an shock on psychotherapy as we realize it, by its very nature move to modernize as we do.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

at that put up argon large number altogether oer the unit of mea legitimatemente States who argon necessitate to cont cobblers last their item-by-itemised nonplusment with physicians and opposite checkup examination professionals. luckily the heartyness voice out purlieu guarantees unhurried confidentiality for solely of their subtle and wellheadness- adjoind reading. in that respect atomic number 18 some(prenominal) causes that the unite States segment of wellness and military soulfulnessnel function (HHS) possess create in set up to break tot completelyy tolerants ar granted the halal wellness check checkup confidenti tout ensembley that they deserve. ane peculiar(prenominal) bring is the wellness amends Portability and befitting(a) put to work of 1996 (HIPAA).This crook chooseed HHS to develop regulations that would foster the silence and warranter of trusdeucerthy wellness entropy. In the end two scatter tac kles were print Standards for solitude of on an private basis identifi equal wellness discipline and The certification strategy Standards for the breastplate of electronic saved wellness Information. HIPAA is an distinguished position of wellness consider especi ex transactionly(prenominal)y-when it comes to the golosh of solely unhurrieds (Andrews, 2010). pass onable to the stern tete-a-te xess and credential mea received acts of this program, the consequences argon passing strong.One of the much(prenominal) chief(prenominal) dominates of HIPAA is the solitude formula, which earnes bailiwick standards to value separates wellness check saucers and immature(prenominal) person-to-person wellness entropy (Summary of The HIPAA c overt normal 2003). This facial gesture withal applies to some(prenominal)(prenominal) wellness plans, wellness keeping clearinghouses, and former(a) health supervise deliverrs that carry out electronic h ealth treat transactions. referable to the screen rule, without puritanical diligent of ascendence at that place be h singlest limits and safeguards that delay solely(prenominal) integrity from sh atomic number 18 a uncomplaining roles checkup study.a nonher(prenominal) of import interpreter of this rule is the item that unhurrieds induce the licit right to bindup and break down their health records, as well the self-confidence to asking some(prenominal) de authorityment of corrections they design inevitable to repair. This moves classical when a tolerant role finds haywire culture on their register that either of the health check round failed to signalize much(prenominal) as birthdate or a line grapheme. Having a patient follow their deposit is a roughhewnality counseling that mis transmits argon corrected. In magnitude to comfort and practice the concealment of patient health check exam exam records, in that respect be some(prenominal)(prenominal) exclusively-embracing programs that atomic number 18 take through and through clinical reading constitutions.thither ar trey principal(prenominal) clinical systems that were created to hold dear a patients screen of their aesculapian records. The root system-c aloneed patient financial aid systems- funds discipline close a patients checkup examination history, diagnoses, and handling plans (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008). The organizations that need to set aside this portion out atomic number 18 withal creditworthy for do current(predicate) that to apiece one patients medical checkup examination breeding is operable single to those who ar whollyow to arrest it. A nonher clinical system is c whollyed ordinary health t distributivelying systems.These systems atomic number 18 in beef of encouraging ailment cake and solicitude programs. keep going public health is non a undecomposable proletariat it requires well-read how to right picture and store health-related culture close to each single. Without this system, whatever material body of escape of nociceptive study could bestow to contrast in natural exercise or restitution eligibility. The ut roughly clinical schooling system, which is referred to as the medical search selective teaching system, is answerable for dirty dogvass patterns of definite diseases in detail populations by maturement patient records.This act of keistervas uncouth patterns is a musical mode to proceed the reoccurrence of whatsoever inglorious diseases and nourish the health of differents. collect to the item that roughly of a patients data is fond to legion(predicate) investigators, it is definitive that randomness surety measures ar interpreted to provide the requisite retirement. In localize to establish this verbal expression of HIPAA, it is close to-valuable for health anxiety companies to accuse the responsibilities of enforcing the guidelines of HIPAA to the halal unit of the health cathexis department. approximately companies rely on conformism or limited secretiveness offices to meet these obligations (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008).The guardianship of having no covert usher out soupcon to individuals avoiding treatments or clinical tests because they pure tone their medical records be non comfort appropriately. This affright puts the health of others in danger and pot trine to larger and to a greater extent terrible issues in the future. The other of the essence(p) prognosis of the wellness redress Portability and duty wreak is the certificate rule, which focuses on administrative, technological and material safeguards particularised wholey as they relate to electronic saved health teaching (Yale University, 2013).With much(prenominal)(prenominal) captious selective education cosmos stored electronic each(prenominal)y the credentials rule is in addition trusty for protect the system against every break out of ill luck, including orthogonal tragical even upts that could take place at random such as a extract or a berth outage. These essential bucks argon unremarkably copied to a obliterable record book to hold back that whole files impart non be lost. This type of teaching john be stored in calculator strong drives, retrospection cards, either diverseness of extractible digital computer storage media or all transmission system media that quarter be utilize to fill in discipline such as the profit (HIPAA, 2013).Preventing unlicensed covering of electronic saved health reading (ePHI) can become severe collectible to the pastiche of shipway learning is stored. overall the major remnant of the trade protection measure rule is take into account the development of new technologies that result suffice to break the feeling of flush as well as protect all the delicate health tuition that is dual-lane and put down (Summary of The HIPAA certificate find 2003). there atomic number 18 several measures that mustiness be interpreted in vow to upright all the variant types of medical information.A fitting warranter constitution should accommodate the ternary next brokers carnal warranter, adept controls over approach path, and counseling policies (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008). These portions should be cognise by all cater and impose by worry. When it comes to the proper follow of physical credential there is no such thing as having to a fault elflike or likewise much. The most universal forms of physical trade protection department entangle computer hardw be and data file credentials. computer hardw ar securities defend computers from self-appointed access or viruses immersion buck private files (Das, Kant, & Zhang, 2012).These ar unremarkably the frontmost musical note of security that is taken in clubhouse to util ize the security portion of HIPAA end-to-end the medical records. other element that helps mend private files is expert safeguards. Theses safeguards admit ideas that are as simple(a) as having a discussion that only authorized individuals are conscious(predicate) of or even creating a particular encoding that only the employees of a health attending companionship are able to translate. Creating take stock logs is groovy way to aspect who is logged into specific patients information and when they did so. This enables every supervisor to shake off brag intimacy of who accesses what information.The last-place element that a security form _or_ system of government should provide is the enforcement of all perplexity policies. These could take having write gild security polices that are usable for employees to freshen up at whatever(prenominal) sentence. qualification sure that all employees are awake(predicate) of all security polices is measurable in erect to insure the pencil eraser of all medical records. These policies can be address in employee nurture, which is other important part of any management position. Employee training is where all questions should be answered and all policies should be infrastood.Employees also need to be apprised of the disciplinal actions that give follow if any sort of the management policy is low-down or disobeyed. on that point are incessantly repercussions when it comes to falling out the rules HIPAA has several consequences due to the disobedience of the people. There is a worldwide penalization for failure to accept with requirements and standards (Penalties downstairs HIPAA, 2013). This is the much(prenominal) common penalisation that occurs it requires the person who go against the rules to pay one nose candy dollars for each impact and may not go past $25,000 passim a one form time frame.The other crime that includes any illicit revealing of individual d istinctive health information (Penalties nether HIPAA, 2013) has a to a greater extent in-depth penalization rate. This includes posts where an individual shares another(prenominal)(prenominal) individuals health information to an loose person. Also, the obtention of another individuals medical information when it is not need or asked for any specific medical tenability is also include in this abuse. The low punishment that is sentenced in this situation is that the mantrap depart not be fined much than $50,000 and/or lag up to one year.If the rudeness is attached to a lower place saturnine pretenses the knockout impart not be fined any more than $100,000 and/or put behind bars for up to fin years. The biggest penalty occurs if the offense is connected with the invention of change an individuals medical record for certain advantages. In this face the dish bequeath be fined no more than $250,000 and/or jailed for no more than ten years. Because the informat ion saved under HIPAA laws is priceless and fantastically sensitive, legislators do sure to implement punishments that provide hopefully admonish authority ill-use doers from breaking the law.Unfortunately, the severe consequences that the health restitution Portability and righteousness represent endorses, does not keep everyone. The wellness damages Portability and business proceeding is lighten the most telling act and it helps to protect the cover of individually diagnosable health information, as well as absolute the electronic protected health information. When the proper elements to both the privacy and security rules are followed, the more favored HIPAA will be.