Jun Assignment Mpa for 2012-13

IGNOU M. A in Public Administration Solved Assignment Dec 2012 Presented by http//www. IGNOU4Ublog. com TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT (TMA) Course Code MPA-011 Assignment Code Asst/TMA/2012-2013 label 100 This subsidization consists of Sections I & II. There atomic number 18 five questions in each section. You dedicate to answer a core of five questions in ab kayoed 400 lyric poem each. It is essential to attempt at least cardinal questions from each section. Each question carries 20 marks. Section-1 consists of questions from Units 1 to 10 and Section-II consists of questions from Units 11 to 21. Section I . dig into the views of F. W Riggs on Society-Administration relationship. event Coming soon. 2. States role needs to be examined in the context of its Liberal and Marxist perspectives. Discuss. Solution The open cash in ones chipsed conception of the read is of a circumscribed organization that represents popular testament. The differentiate plays a minimal role in the transmiting of federation and economic affairs, unless basin play a significant supporting role in modern liberal (social liberal) theories.Classical Liberals favor a minimal state that only provides for basic expediencys such as defense, enforcing contracts and protect property rights. Social liberals accept more roles for the state, primarily in the economic sphere, such as polity of capitalism in order to protect consumers and deeders, welfare programs to help the poor and disadvantaged in decree and frequent services that benefit eery iodin. To liberals, the state plays a supporting role in society, and is usually left(a) to operate in the polity-making and social spheres.Marxists conceive of the state as an institution of capitalism that can be transformed to benefit the working class, as the state is the only institution that is capable of organizing and managing the thrift on a colossal scale. The state would be radicalized in that the workers and people woul d control it through direct democracy or council democracy. The state becomes an integral part of the economy in that it owns the message of production in the phase of socialism.Marxists see the state as becoming unnecessary when the productive forces develop and authority on the state level is no longer required, leading to the disappearance of the state and social class. This society is called communism, where the immorals of production is owned communally but operated and managed by cooperatives. Socialism is an economic system whereby each the state or worker cooperatives own and control the means of production, strategic resources and major industry.The principle of socialism is to tog out the economy in a rational manner that avoids the pitfalls of capitalism and the free market through intend or state directed economic systems. Socialism can besides utilize the market tool to distribute goods and services in the form of market socialism, while the state or frequent retains self-possession of major economic institutions. The r stillue generated by the state economy would be apply to finance authorities programs, potential goingly eliminating the need for taxation.A private sector for non-heavy industry can exist in a incorporated system, but the state, public or cooperative sector would play the dominant role in the economy. To socialists, the state is a part of the economy and the state plays a dominant role in structuring economic and policy-making affairs. 3. Explain the Neo-liberal Perspective of State. Solution Neoliberalism is a contemporary political movement advocating economic liberalizations, free traffic and open markets. Neoliberalism supports the privatization of nationalized industries, eregulation, and enhancing the role of the private sector in modern society. It is commonly informed by classical or Austrian economics. The border neoliberal today is often used as a world-wide condemnation of economic liberalization policies and advocates. Neoliberalism shares many concepts with mainstream schools of economic thought. The term neoliberalism was coined in 1938 by the German prentice Alexander Rustow at the Colloque Walter Lippmann. The colloquium be the concept of neoliberalism as the priority of the price mechanism, the free enterprise, the system of disputation and a strong and impartial state. To be neoliberal meant that laissez-faire liberalism is not enough and that in the defecate of liberalism a modern economic form _or_ system of government is required. After the colloquium neoliberalism became a label for several academical approaches such as the Freiburg school, the Austrian School or the Chicago school of economics. During the military rule under Augusto Pinochet in cayenne pepper opposition scholars took up the expression again without a specific reference to any theoretical revise of liberalism.Rather, it described a set of political and economic purifys being implemented in Chile and imbued the term with pejorative connotations. In the last two decades, according to the Boas and Gans-Morse force field of 148 journal articles, neoliberalism is almost never be but used in several awarenesss to describe ideology, economic theory, development theory, or economic reform policy. It has largely become a term of condemnation employed by critics of liberalizing economic tendencies. And it now suggests a market fundamentalism closer to the paleoliberals as opposed to the essential consequence.This leaves some controversy as to the precise meaning of the term and its usefulness as a descriptor in the social sciences, especially as the hail of different kinds of market economies have proliferated in recent years 4. The nature of social participation is ever changing.Elucidate Solution Whether we live in the crowded bustle of an inner city or in a quieter, less populated rural area, most of us are part of the community in which we live. Social participat ion refers to peoples social involvement and interaction with separates. Activities such as volunteering, making donations, participating in sports, and recreational activities are all forms of social participation. While Canadians may differ in why, how, and how much they fail involved, most would restrain that social participation improves their own and the communitys well-being1.Measures of social participation include participation in political activities and participation in social activities. Measures of factors that influence social participation include social networks, sense of belonging, and level of trust. Highlights 54. 6% of Canadians 58. 3% of men and 51. 7% of women inform being involved in at least one political activity in 2002. Involvement in at least one social activity group, such as professional associations, or cultural, educational, and hobby organizations, was reported by 61% of Canadians in 2003. In 2003, the great majority of Canadians (93. %) reporte d having some close friends or family members. However, 6. 3% of Canadians reported having no close friend or family member. In 2003, the vast majority of Canadians had a somewhat or very strong sense of belonging to Canada (88%), to their province (81%), and to their community (70%). A little more than half(a) of Canadians (56%) in 2003 believed that otherwises could be trusted. The level of trust was highest among individuals aged 45 to 64 years old (59%) compared with other age categories. Footnotes There is no agreement on how to best define community. For example, and the 2003 General Social keep an eye on on Social Engagement (Statistics Canada, cat. no. 89-598-XIE) leaves the definition open. Generally, the term community refers to the people and institutions that are in proximity to our place of residence. However, it can also include a more global sense of community, where charitable donations to an international charity can benefit people of other countries. 5. Answ er the adjacent questions in 200 words each ) Concept of Hind Swaraj SolutionThe concept of swaraj, or self-rule, was developed during the Indian freedom struggle. In his book Hind Swaraj (1909), Gandhi sought to clarify that the meaning behind swaraj was much more than simply scatty systems of English rule without the Englishman the tigers nature but not the tiger. The crux of his argument centered on the whimsey that the socio-spiritual underpinnings of British political, economic, bureaucratic, lawful, military, and educational institutions were inherently unjust, exploitative and alienating.As Pinto explicates, The principal theme of Hind Swaraj is the moral inadequacy of horse opera graciousization, especially its industrialism, as the model for free India. Gandhi was particularly critical of the deeply embedded principles of might is right and endurance of the fittest. On another level, the call for swaraj represents a genuine attempt to regain control of the self ou r self-respect, self-responsibility, and capacities for self- existentization from institutions of dehumanization.As Gandhi states, It is swaraj when we hold to rule ourselves. The real goal of the freedom struggle was not only to secure political azadi (independence) from Britain, but rather to gain true swaraj (liberation and self-rule). Gandhi wanted all those who believed in swaraj (1) to pass and wholly uproot the British raj (rule) from within themselves and their communities and, (2) to regenerate new reference points, systems, and structures that enable individual and collective self-development.This regeneration was to grow from the strengths, perspectives, perception and experiences of people living in village India, rather than from cities in Britain, America, and even in India for that matter. Understanding the real Self, and its relation to communities and society, is critical to the go through of attaining swaraj. How is this relevant for us today? We feel that South Asia (along with the rest of the world) is experiencing a tremendous crisis, one overwhelming in its scale and pace of growth.While it is easy to get caught up in the symptoms of this crisis (the brutal violence, the enormous inequities, the extinction of cultures and languages, the degradation of the environment), it is equally, if not more, important to understand its roots. We must creatively psychoanalyze the content and the consequences of our current economic, political, social, and educational systems, without reverting to a romanticized past of so-called untouched or primary traditions.From these critical reflections, we must generate new spaces, systems, and processes based on moral and holistic visions of human potential and human progress which can lead us out of the global self-destruction which engulfs us. Throughout it all, we must consider and negotiate our own roles, while asking ourselves how we are either working for solutions or bestow to making the cr isis worse. Thus, today, we recognize Gandhis concept of swaraj integral to three parallel action-reflection agendas for the 21st century ) Citizens carry Solution Citizens Charter is a document which represents a systematic effort to focus on the commitment of the Organization towards its Citizens in respects of Standard of Services, Information, Choice and Consultation, Non-discrimination and Accessibility, Grievance Redressal, courtesy and value for money. This also includes expectations of the Organization from the Citizen for fulfilling the commitment of the Organization.The Citizens Charter was a British political initiative launched by the then prime of life Minister, John Major, on 22 July 1991, less than a year into his premiership. 1 It aimed to improve public services in the UK by Making administration accountable and citizen friendly. Ensuring transparency and the right to information. Taking measures to cleanse and motivate well-bred service. Adopting a stakeholder approach. Saving time of both executant and the clientele One part of the initiative was the granting of Charter Marks to those public bodies meeting defined standards. - Section II 6. Examine the role of Bureaucracy in policy monitoring and analysis. Solution Bureaucrats put government policy into practice, and therefore the federal bureaucracy has a large impact on policymaking. In order to get their policies passed, the president and Congress must work with the bureaucracy. arrogant the bureaucracy can be difficult for the following reasonsSize The president cannot monitor everyone or even every group within the bureaucracy, so much of what bureaucrats do goes unmonitored. Expertise of bureaucrats The people who administer policy often know much more about those issues than the president or members of Congress. This expertise gives the bureaucrats power. Civil service laws Firing bureaucrats, even for incompetence, is very difficult. Clientele groups Many federal agencies p rovide services to thousands of people, and those people sometimes rally to defend the agency.Policy implementation When Congress creates a new program, it does not establish all the inside information on how the policy will be implemented. Instead, Congress passes enabling legislation, which grants power to an agency to work out the specifics. Although the agency must stay within some bounds, it has a great deal of latitude in determining how to carry out the wishes of Congress. Power of Persuasion Presidential scholar Richard Neustadt has argued that the presidents primary power is that of persuasion.The president must lobby or persuade bureaucrats. But trying to convince members of the bureaucracy that their goals fit with the presidents goals is a time-consuming and often frustrating process. For this reason, many presidents have seen the bureaucracy as an obstacle to getting their agendas approved. Rule-making The federal bureaucracy makes rules that affect how programs operate , and these rules must be obeyed, just as if they were laws. The rule-making process for government agencies occurs in stages.After Congress passes new regulatory laws, the agency charged with implementing the law proposes a series of rules, which are published in the Federal Register. Interested parties can comment on the rules, either at public hearings or by submitting documents to the agency. After the agency publishes the final regulations, it must wait threescore days before enforcing those rules. During that time, Congress can review and change the rules if it desires. If Congress makes no changes, the rules go into feeling at the end of sixty days. Federal regulations affect many groups of people, who have often challenged those regulations in court.Because judicial proceeding is a slow and expensive way to change regulations, Congress passed the Negotiated Rulemaking Act of 1990 to limit the need for judicial proceeding by opening the rulemaking process to those affected by it. The act upholdd federal agencies to engage in negotiated rule-making. If an agency agrees to the proposed regulations, for example, it publishes the proposals in the Federal Register and then participates in a negotiating committee overseen by a third party. Agreements reached by the committee are then open to the normal public review process.Parties to negotiated rule-making agree not to sue over the rules. 7. Write a note on the nature and characteristics of good governance. Solution Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making.It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. company Participation by both men and women is a key corn erstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through decriminalize intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.Rule of law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent tribunal and an impartial and incorruptible police force. Transparency Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those wh o will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement.It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in substantially understandable forms and media. Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a honest timeframe. Consensus oriented There are several actors and as many view points in a prone society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be get tod.It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community. 8. Explain the meaning of Ethics, underlying its foci and loci. Solution Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a bran ch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.Major areas of field of battle in ethical motive may be dissever into 3 operational areas Meta-ethics came to the fore with G. E. Moores Principia Ethica from 1903. In it he first wrote about what he called the naturalistic fallacy. Moore was seen to reject naturalism in ethics, in his Open Question Argument. This made thinkers look again at minute order questions about ethics. Earlier, the Scottish philosopher David Hume had put forward a similar view on the difference between facts and values.Studies of how we know in ethics divide into cognitivism and non-cognitivism this is similar to the contrast between descriptivists and non-descriptivists. Non-cognitivism is the claim that when we enounce something as right or wrong, this is neither true nor false. We may for example be only expressing our ablaze feelings about these things. 2 Cognitivism can then be seen as th e claim that when we talk about right and wrong, we are talking about matters of fact. Normative ethics Traditionally, normative ethics (also known as moral theory) was the study of what makes actions right and wrong.These theories offered an overarching moral principle one could appeal to in resolving difficult moral decisions. At the turn of the 20th century, moral theories became more complex and are no longer concerned totally with rightness and wrongness, but are interested in many different kinds of moral status. During the middle of the century, the study of normative ethics declined as meta-ethics grew in prominence. This focus on meta-ethics was in part caused by an importunate linguistic focus in analytic philosophy and by the popularity of logical positivism.Virtue ethics Virtue ethics describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, and is used to describe the ethics of Socrates, Aristotle, and other previous(predicate) Greek philosoph ers. Socrates (469 BC 399 BC) was one of the first Greek philosophers to encourage both scholars and the common citizen to turn their attention from the outside world to the condition of humankind. In this view, knowledge having a bearing on human life was placed highest, all other knowledge being secondary.Self-knowledge was considered necessary for success and inherently an essential good. A self-aware person will act completely within his capabilities to his pinnacle, while an ignorant person will flounder and encounter difficulty. 9. The solution to governance challenges lies in civil society movements. Discuss. Solution Until recently, the study of development process until recently has centered largely on the trigon of states-markets-international institutions.For the last decade, mainstream development discourse has adopted the notion of civil society as simultaneously the site of citizens collective action as well as a set of actors to be incorporated in the planning, imp lementation and rating of development projects. This notion of civil society has tended to focus exclusively on NGOs. This course provides a more political understanding of civil society by examining social movements in relation to civil society and to the development project itself. It begins by current theories of civil society and new social movements.It then assesses the impact of nationalist and socialist movements on shaping the development agenda of nineteenth-century European and late-colonial states, and how social movements from the 1950s-1980s interacted with national governments in blocking, changing or go the development agendas of states (e. g. , Gandhian movements in India, the housing rights movements in urban Latin America, and the movements against minority rule in Southern Africa). The course focuses on contexts (e. g. democratisation, globalisation, etc. ), sectors (e. g. environment, agriculture), spaces (e. g. ural, urban) and agents (e. g. women). Subsequent ly, the course addresses the issue of global civil society issues of globalisation and transnational networks of solidarity created in response to it, for example, the movements against sweatshop labour, the Zapatista movement in Mexico, and movements against transnational companies and institutions of global governance (WTO, World Bank, IMF etc. ). 10. Answer the following questions in 200 words each a) Concept of New Public ManagementSolution New public anxiety (NPM) denotes broadly the government policies, since the 1980s, that aimed to modernise and render more effective the public sector. The basic hypothesis holds that market oriented management of the public sector will lead to greater cost-efficiency for governments, without having negative side-effects on other object glasss and considerationsSome modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented ones, emulation between different public agencies, and between public agencies and private firms and incentivization on more economic lines. 2 defined in this way, NPM has been a significant driver in public management policy around the world, from the betimes 1980s to at least the early 2000s. NPM, compared to other public management theories, is oriented towards outcomes and efficiency, through remedy management of public budget. 3 It is considered to be achieved by applying competition, as it is known in the private sector, to organizations in the public sector, emphasizing economic and leadership principles.New public management addresses beneficiaries of public services much like customers, and conversely citizens as shareholders. In 2007, the European Commission produced a white book on governance issues whose objective was to propose a new kind of relationship between the state and the citizens, reform governance, improve public management and render decision-making more flexibleSome authors say NPM has peaked and is now in decline ) Busin ess act Engineering Solution Business process re-engineering is a business management strategy, originally pioneered in the early 1990s, focusing on the analysis and design of workflows and processes within an organization. BPR aimed to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to dramatically improve customer service, cut operational costs, and become world-class competitors. 1 In the mid-1990s, as many as 60% of the Fortune 500 companies claimed to either have initiated reengineering efforts, or to have plans to do so. BPR seeks to help companies radically restructure their organizations by focusing on the ground-up design of their business processes. concord to Davenport (1990) a business process is a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome. Re-engineering emphasized a holistic focus on business objectives and how processes related to them, encouraging full-scale recreation of processes rather than iterativ e optimization of subprocesses.